"mono"

�P�D visible things (things,materials,articles and persons)

a) Kuruma wa chiisai mono ga wakai hito ni ninki ga aru.

( Small cars are popular among young people.)

b) Konna ni omoi mono wa hitori de motenai.

(I can't bring such a heavy thing by myself.)

c) Kono naka kara sukina mono o erande kudasai.

( Please choose one you like from these.)

d) Motto yasui mono o misete kudasai.

(Show me some cheaper ones.)

e) Wakai mono o tetsudai ni yokoshima syoo.

(I'll send a young man to help you)

f) Kare wa uchino kaisya no mono dewa arimasen

(He is not an employee of our company.)

g ) watashi wa ginkoo no mono desu.

(I work for the bank.)

h) Konna ni atsukute wa sugu mono ga kusaru.

(Things decay quickly in this heat.)

i) Kono yooeki wa taitei no mono wa tokasu.

( This solution will dessolve almost any kind of things.)

j) Ano mise wa iroirona mono o utte iru.

(They sell a wide variety of things in that store.)

k) Nani ka taberu mono wa arimasu ka.

(Is there anything to eat?)

l) one's possession

Kore wa anata no mono.(We don't say "anata no no",but usually say , "

anata no.")

( This is yours.)

Imooto wa watashi no mono o katte ni tsukau.

( My sister uses mine without saying.)

�� No is used to substitute another noun modified by a verb or an adjective, so when "mono" is defined by a certain modifying word, it can be replaced with "no". Among previous sentences, sentence a)�`e) can be replaced with "no",but f) �`k�jcan't. From now on when "mono" is replaced with "no",we'll write "mono/no, otherwise it can't be replaced with no.

��When "mono" is used as a predicate, it is not replaced with "no"

ex) 1)Konosara wa itaria de katta mono desu.

(I bought this plate in Italy.)

2) Kore wa yoso e ageru mono dakara, akecha dame yo.

(This is a present to my friend, so don't unpack it.)

ex) Nani ka attan desu ka? (What's the matter?)

Kare wa hontooni iihito nan desu.( He is really a good person)

3) Onaka ga itai. Kinoo tabeta mono ga waru katta.

(I have a stomachache.The food I ate yesterday has gone bad.)

4) I ga itai. Kinoo tabeta no ga waru katta.

(I have a stomachache.I shouldn't have eaten yesterday)

�Q�D invisible things

a) Hito ni yotte mono no mikata ga chigau.

(People see things differently.)

b) Jikan hodo taisetsuna mono wa nai.

(Nothing is so precious as time.)

c) "mono"expresses a word

Tsukarete mono mo ienai.

(I'm too tired to even say a word)

Mono wa iiyoo da.

(That all depends on how you put it.)

Senzen wa jiyuu ni mono ga iena katta.

( There was no freedom of speech before the World War �U.)

d) "mono"expresses quality

Kono fuku wa mono ga ii.

(This dress is of good quality. )

Yasuikedo mono ga warui ne.

(This is cheap but not of good quality)

�� The sentence �h�`to yuu no wa �`desu(da)" is used to express explanation and definition

Yuuki to iu nowa raion ni totte mottomo taisetsuna mono da.

( Courage is most important thing for the lion. )

Nooto pasokon to yuu mono/no wa nakanaka benrina mono da.

(A lap-top is considerably useful.)

Ai to yuu mono/no wa ningen ni totte mottomo taisetsuna mono da.

( Love is the most important for man .)

Ginga to yuu mono/no wa ooku no hoshi no atsumari de aru.

(The Milky Way is the pale white band of stars.)

�R�DOther expressions ( In these usages "mono" can't be replaced with "no".)

1)�`mono da/desu

a) be natural (Denotes that a certain result or consequence is natural

under given circumstances)

Yatte minakereba muzukashii ka doo ka wakaranai mono da.

(You never know it's difficult or not unless you try.)

Toshi o toru to mukashi no koto o yoku omoidasu mono da.

( When one gets old, one feels like reminding one's old days.)

Gaikoku e iku to kuni no tabemono ga tabetaku naru mono desu.

( When one goes abroad, one usually misses food of one's country.)

b) common sense, shoud (do) (Denotes obligation or duty)

Shitte iru hitto ni attara aisatsu o suru mono da.

( When you meet acquaintances,you should say hello to them.)

Hito no okane o kari tara dekiru dake hayaku kaesu mono da.

( When you borrow money from others,you should give it back as soon as possible.)

c) used to (do) (Refers to past habits and states)

Mukashi wa kono hen ni kodomo ga asoberu tokoro ga takusan atta mono da.

( There used to be a lot of ground around this places for children to

play at a while back)

Haha wa watashi ga kodomo no koro yoku keeki o yaite kureta mono da

(When I was a child, Mother used to bake cake for me)

d) how.....! (Denotes the speaker's sentiment)

Toki no tatsu no wa hayai mono da.

( How fast time goes by! )

Yoku annani hayaku hashireru mono da.

(How fast he can run !)

e) speaker's hope

Minna gookaku shite moraitai mono da.

(I hope every student can pass the entrance examination .)

Zehi kare ni yuusyoo shite hoshii mono da.

(I hope he will be able to win the game and get a first prize.)

Kanojo no koto o motto shiritai mono da.

( I would like to know more about her.)

2)�`mono ka (express a strong negation)

Anna yatsu to wa kuchi o kiku mono ka.

( I never talk to a fellow like him.)

Kare ni makeru mono ka.

( I'll never be defeated by him)

3) �`mono ka, �` �ibe undecided,wonder if or weather)

Itta mono ka ikanai mono ka mayotte iru.

( I wonder whether I should go or not.)

Doo shita mono ka mayotte iru.

(I wavered in my judgment.)

4) �`mono dakara,( datte) �`mono,mon ( Denotes a reason)

Chichi ga kono mise no keeki o sukina mono dakara kai ni kita ndesu.

( As my father liked cake in this store, I came here to buy one.)

Doo shite shukudai o shinakatta no? Datte nemukute dekinakatta n damon.

5) �` volitional form + mono nara (if, once)

Kare ni kuruma o kashite mo ii to ioo mono nara shocchuu kari ni kuru

( Once I tell him that he can use my car, he asks to use my car all the time)

( If I do such a thing ,I will receive a cool reception from everybody.)

6) �`mono o ( be sorry, regret)

Hayaku itte kurereba tetsudatta mono o

(If you had told me earlier, I would have helped you)

Uchi de yuuhan o tabenai to shitte itara tsukurana katta mono o.

(If I had known that you didn't eat dinner at home,I would not have cooked)

7) �`kara to yuu mono (since)

Kekkon shite kara to yuu nomo shiawasena hibi o okutte iru.

(They have been happy since they married. )

Shippai shite kara to yuu mono kare wa izen no yoodewa nai.

( He is not what he used to be since he failed .)

8) �`mono no( though, but)

Hitori de yaru to itta mono no jishin ga nai.

(I said " I'll do it by myself",but I'm not sure .)

Love letter o kaita mono no dasoo ka dou ka mayotte iru

(Though I wrote a love letter , I am undecided to mail or not.)

1) Nyukan to yuu ( koto, no, mono) wa,nyukoku kanri kyoku no

( koto, no, mono) desu.

2) komatta toki ni wa tasukeau. Sore ga yuujoo to yuu ( koto, no, mono) de syoo.

3) Konkai no jishin de wa takusan no hito ga nakunatta to yuu ( koto, no, mono)

4) Motto kodomotachi no ( koto, no, mono) o kangaete moraitai (koto, no, mono) desu.

5) Kare ga kite kara to yuu ( koto, no, mono) mise ni wa warai ga taenai.

6) Jibun no shita ( koto, no, mono)ni kanshite wa , hyooban ga amaku natte

shimau mono da.

7) Gakusei no koro yoku kono mise ni kita ( koto, no, mono) da.

8) Jishin ga okita toki, ichiban hajimeni shinakereba naranai ( koto, no, mono) wa

sutoobu ya gasu no hi o kesu ( koto, no, mono) da.

9) Moo koi nante suru ( koto, no, mono) ka.

8) koto/no, koto 9) mono

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