1 Ka

a) Used when asking a question.

A:Kore wa dare no kaban desu ka.(Whose bag is this?)

B:Sore wa watashi no desu.(It's mine.)

A:Ashita gakkoo ni kimasu ka.(Will you come to school tomorrow?)

B:Hai kimasu.(Yes,I will)

b) Used to soften the invitation,requests or proposals.

A:Watashi no uchi ni asobi ni kimasen ka.(Won't you come to my house?)

B:Ee, yorokonde ukagaimasu. (Sure. I'd like to.)

A:Yasumoo ka.(Let's have a break.)

B:Ii ne.(That sounds good.)

c) Used when suggesting order or blame.:1:2 You should -- You shouldn't--

Mada yamenai no ka.(You are still doing such a thing. You should stop.)

d) Used when suggesting rebellion.(I don't feel like --)

Omae nanka to issyoni sigoto ga dekiru ka. ( I don't want to work with a man like you.)

e)Responce such as "I see".:1:2

f) Used when quetioning or refuting someone's opinion.(I wonder if --) Sometimes it contains ironic nuance.

Kare wa kuru daroo ka.(I wonder if he will come.)

Asu wa hareru daroo ka.(I wonder if it will be fine tomorrow.)

Hontoo ni kore de iino daroo ka(I doubt whether it's all right or not.)

g) Used retorically when confirming a fact to oneself.

Konna ni ookiku natta no ka.(What! You grew so tall.)

2 Yo

a)Used when emphasizing one's thoughts,feelings,or opinions or recommending something to the others.:1:2 :3:4:5 :6:7 :8:9 :10

Kono ryoori hontoo ni oishii desu yo.(This dish is really delicious,so please try it.)

b)Used to protest or appeal one' assertion. :1:2 :3

Nani ga iitain dayo.(Do you say anything for what I did?)

c)Used to address an audience or the nation.

Waga sokoku yo! Eien ni! (My country ! Forever!)

3 Wa (Used by women)

a)Used for slight emphasis or a light assertion.:1:2

Watashi mo iku wa.(I do go,too.)

b)Used to emphasize emotions or feelings of surprise.

Kore wa hidoi wa.(This is so terrible.)

Suteki da wa.(How nice it is!)

c)Used to soften one's assertion.(In this case used by elder men.)

Ore ga yaru wa.(I'll do it)

4 Ne,Nee

a)Used when seeking agreement from listener (as in (A))or when showing agreement (as in (B)):1 :2:3

A:Omoshiroi hanashi desu ne. (It's very interesting story,isn't it?)

B:Hontoo ni soo desu ne.(I think so,too.)

b)Used to slightly emphasize one's opinions or thoughts.

Soo wa omoimasen ne.(I don't think so.)

Kare no sakuhin ga ichiban ii ne.(I think his work is the best.)

c)Used to confirm.:1 :2:3

Ashita kimasu ne.(You'll come tomorrow ,won't you?)

5 Na

a)Used to indicate prohibition or to give a negative order. (Used mainly by men):1:2 :3:4

Koko ni kuru na.(Don't come here.)

Warau na.(Don't laugh.)

b)Used when seeking agreement from listener (as in (A))or when showing agreement (as in (B))(Used mainly by men.)

A:Kyoo wa atsui na.(It's so hot today, isn't it?)

B:Honto da na.(Yes, it is.)

c)Used to confirm.:1:2

Kore wa kimi no da na.(This is yours,isn't it?)

Wakatta na.(You understand,don't you?)

d)Used to emphasize one's feelings or feeling of surprise.:1 :2

Kirei da na.(How beautiful!)

Hidoi naa.(How terrible!)

6 kana, kashira(Kana is most often used by men and kashira is used only by women)

a)Negative form + kana,kashira. Used to express one's hope and usually used in addressing oneself.

Kanojo no byooki ga hayaku yoku naranai kana(kashira).(I hope she will get well soon.)

b) Used to express one's question.:1:2

Hontoo ni korede yokatta no kana(kashira).(I wonder if it's really all right.)

7 No (Speaker can imply his/her complex feeling by using "no")

a)Used in giving explanations or eliciting with falling intonation.:1 :2:3 :4

A : Doo shita no.(What's the matter with you?) Kao iro ga warui yo.(You look bad.)

A : Atama ga itai no.(I have a headache.)

b)Used to ask a question with rising intonation.:1:2 :3:4:5 :6:7

Dooshite konai no.(Why don't you come?)(This includes the meaning such as I think you should come.)

Used when confirming speaker's memory and sometimes addressing oneself.

Ano hi wa ooyuki ga huttakke.(I don't remember well but I think it snowed a lot on that day. ............I wonder whether it snowed a lot or not on that day )

Sotsugyoo-shiki wa itsu dakke.(When is the graduation ceremony ,I wonder?)

9 Zo

Used when confirming an opinion or for assertion.(Used only by men.):1:2 :3:4

Nani ka hen da zo.(I think something is wrong/strange.)

Sa, dekakeru zo. (Well,I'm off.)

10 Koto (Used only by women.)

An exclamatory sentence:1:2

Sutekida koto ! (How excellent!)

11 Tomo

Used to show listener's agreement.

A:Seifu wa kokumin no koe o kiku beki da.(The government should listen to the voice of the nation.)

B:So da tomo.(It really is.)

A:Kimi mo iku ka.(Will you come with me?)

B:Iku tomo.(Yes, I do go.)

Younger brother : Oniichan ga waruin da yo.2-a
Elder brother : Chigau yo.2-aOmae ga waruin da zo.9
Younger brother : Boku no doko ga waruin da yo.2-b
Father : Kora, Yamenaika.(Hey boys,stop it)1-c Kenka suruna5-a
Mother : Dooshite kenka bakari suru no.7-b
* oniichan= elder brother, kenka=fight , omae=you

A : Kyoo wa atsui desu ne.4-a
B : Hontoni atsui desu ne.4-a

A : Kyou wa atsui desu ne.4-a
B : Soo desu ka. (UP)1-e Watashi wa samui desu.

A : Kaigi wa 4ji kara deshita ne.4-c
B : Hai soo desu.
*kaigi=a meeting

A : Ano kaisya New York ni mo shiten o dasun desu yo.2-a
B : Soo desu ka.(DOWN)1-e
*shiten= a branch office

A : Anata ga gaikoku e itte shimau to sabishiku nari masu ne.4-b toki doki tegami o kudasai ne.
B : Ee mochiron.
*mochiron=sure

Husband: Oya okashii zo.(It's strange.)Mado o shimete dekaketa hazu nano ni aiteru zo.(I surely closed the window and locked it,but it is open.)9
Wife : Hontoo ni okashii wa.3-a A hikidashi mo. doroboo da wa.3-a
*hikidashi=drawer, doroboo=a thief

Keiko : Tsugi no nichiyoobi ni tomodachi ga asobi ni kuru no.7-a Anata mo konai.(UP)
Tomoko : Dare ga kuru no.7-b
Keiko : Eeto Tanaka san to Kimura kun yo.2-a
Tomoko : Kimura kun mo kuru no.(UP)(I'm glad to hear that he'll come.)7-b Yorokonde iku wa.(I'd like to come,)3-a

Keiko : Tsugi no nichiyoobi tomodachi ga asobi ni kuru no.7-a Anata mo konai.(UP)
Tomoko : Dare ga kuru no.7-b
Keiko : Eeto, Tanaka san to Kimura kun to yoshida san yo.2-a
Tomoko : Kimura kun mo kuru nooo.(I'm disappointed to hear that he'll come.)7-b Watashi wa ikitakunai wa.(Sorry,but I don't want to come.)3-a

Mother : Syukudai ga arun desyo. Sassato yatte shimai nasai.
Son : Urusai naa.(Don't bother me.)5-dHottoite kure yo.(Don't care about me.)2-b
Father : Okaasan ni sonna iikata o suru na.(Don't say like that to mom.)5-a
....................Omae mo sore ijoo iu na.(He said to his wife "Don't say any more.")5-a
Mother : Datte.Kono ko nando ittemo wakaranai n desu yo.2-a
*sassato= quickly ,

Man A : Kono mise no coffee oishii na.5-b
Man B : Sonnani oishiku nai yo.2-a
Man A : Sookana.5-cBoku wa oishii to omoo kedo.

Mother: Ninjin tabete ne. 4-c
Son : Tabetaku nai yo.2-a
Mother : Dame, tabena sai yo.2-a
Son : Iyada yoo.
*ninjin=carrot , yada(iyada)=no

(Seeing the firework)
Tomoko :Waaa, kirei da waa.3-c
Ken : Ummm, kirei da na.5-d

Mother : Konnichi wa .Kyoo wa musuko to issyo ni kimashita.
Son : Konnichi wa
Aunt : Maa.Ookiku natta koto.10
................ Are kara moo 3nen mo tatta kashira.(Five years have passed since I met you before.)6
uncle : 3nen no aida ni konna ni ookuku natta no ka.!1-g
*musuko=son, 3nen no aida=for five years

Mother : Mada warui tomodachi to tsukiatte iru no.7-b
Father : Mada wakaranai no ka.1-cRui wa tomo o yobu(Birds of a feather flock together)to iu zo.9
Son : Wakatte iru yo.(He said "I know." But, he doesn't want to listen to his father's sermon.)1-d
*tsukiau=keep company with

Japanese wife : Tama ni wa aishiteiru to itte yo.2-a
Japanese husband: Sonna koto ieru ka.1-d
*tamani=occasionally

Man : Kocchi e kuru naa.5-a Hashi ga kowarete iru zooo.9
Woman : Koccchi e konaideee.Abunaiwa yooo.2-a
Man : Abunai zoo.9

Instructor : Ano akai botan ni sawaru na.5-a Wakatta ka !(You understand!)1-a Iina.(O.K ?)5-c
Student : Hai wakarimashita.
*botan=button

WomanA : Ano hito dare dakke.8
WomanB : Iyada wa.(You'er kidding !)3-b Wasure ta no.7-a Yamada kun yo.2-a
.....................Wasureta no.7-b Anata gakusei jidai love letter dashita desyo.2-a
WomanA : Soo dakke.8
* gakusei jidai=in one's school days

Woman A: Aree, Tanaka kun konai noo.7-b
WomanB: Konaitte itta desyoo.Wasureta no?7-b
WomanA: Eeee, itsu itta no .7-b
WomanB: Kinoo itta desyo. Anata wa itsumo watashi no iu koto o kiite inai no.7-a

WomanA: Tom Cruise wa suteki ne.4-a
WomanB: Hontoo ne.4-a
WomanA: Kare wa dokushin yo ne. 2-a,4-c
WomanB: Uun,.kekkon shiteiru wa yo.2-a
WomanA: Soo, zannen ne.( Really? I'am disappointed to hear that.) 4-a
*suteki=very nice, kare=he , uun=no , dokushin=a bachelor

Mother: Maa, rippa na seiseki da koto.(Seeing son's bad grade,she said cynically.)10
Son: Kore demo benkyo shitan da yo.2-b
* rippana= great , seiseki= a grade

(Irony)1-f
Konna ni oishii mono bakari tabete iino da roo ka.(We eat such delicious food every day, but there are many people who can't eat enough.)
Syoonen hanzai ga tahatsu shiteiru ga nihon no kyooiku wa kono mama de iino da roo ka. (Recently the crimes committed by teenagers increase in Japan.We have to reconsider about our education system.)

WomanA: Tom Cruise wa suteki ne.4-a
WomanB: Hontoo ne.4-a
WomanA: Kare wa dokushin yo ne. 2-a,4-c
WomanB: Uun,.kekkon shiteiru wa yo.2-a
WomanA: Soo, zannen ne.( Really? I'am disappointed to hear that.) 4-a
*suteki=very nice, kare=he , uun=no , dokushin=a bachelor

Mother: Maa, rippa na seiseki da koto.(Seeing son's bad grade,she said cynically.)10
Son: Kore demo benkyo shitan da yo.2-b
* rippana= great , seiseki= a grade

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